binding scopes

✓ Passing This code compiles and runs correctly.

Code

// Test 202: Binding scopes and persistence
// Tests the scoping rules from SPEC.md:
// - Bindings persist through ALL nested continuations
// - Parent bindings remain accessible at any depth
// - Duplicate binding names are forbidden (enforced by parser)

const std = @import("std");

// Events for testing scoping
~tor outer { x: i32 } -> i32

~proc outer|zig {
    // x is accessible here directly
    return x;
}

~tor middle { y: i32 } -> i32

~proc middle|zig {
    return y * 2;
}

~tor inner { z: i32 } -> i32

~proc inner|zig {
    return z * 3;
}

// Event with nested structure for field access testing
~tor nested-data { info: UserInfo } -> i32

// Define the struct type inline
const UserInfo = struct {
    profile: struct {
        name: []const u8,
        age: i32,
    },
};

~proc nested-data|zig {
    // Access nested field
    const len: i32 = @intCast(info.profile.name.len);
    return len;
}

// Event to demonstrate access to outer scope bindings
~tor show-values { a: i32, b: i32, c: i32 }

~proc show-values|zig {
    // Should print values showing the scope chain worked
    std.debug.print("Values from scope chain: {} {} {}\n", .{a, b, c});
}

// Top-level flow to test scoping rules
// Test 1: Bindings persist through nested continuations
// r should be 10, d should be 20, f should be 60
~outer(x: 10): r |> middle(y: r): d |> inner(z: d): f |> show-values(a: r, b: d, c: f)

// The binding 'r' from outer should be accessible in all nested continuations
// The binding 'd' from middle should be accessible in inner's continuation
// Each binding creates a new scope that persists through its continuations

input.kz

Supporting Files

~proc outer|cs {
    // x is accessible here directly
    return x;
}
~proc middle|cs {
    return y * 2;
}
~proc inner|cs {
    return z * 3;
}
~proc nested-data|cs {
    // Access nested field
    const len: i32 = @intCast(info.profile.name.len);
    return len;
}
~proc show-values|cs {
    // Should print values showing the scope chain worked
    __koru_stdout_write($"Values from scope chain: {a} {b} {c}\n");
}

input.kcs

Actual

Values from scope chain: 10 20 60

Expected output

✓ Zig✓ C#

Values from scope chain: 10 20 60

Emitted Zig source

// Access compiler flags via the per-user compiler_env module
const CompilerEnv = @import("compiler_env").CompilerEnv;

pub const panic = if (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug)
    @import("std").debug.FullPanic(@import("std").debug.defaultPanic)
else
    @import("std").debug.simple_panic;


const __koru_bare = struct {
    extern fn posix_memalign(memptr: *?*anyopaque, alignment: usize, size: usize) c_int;
    extern fn free(ptr: ?*anyopaque) void;
    fn bareAlloc(_: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) ?[*]u8 {
        var p: ?*anyopaque = null;
        const a = @max(alignment.toByteUnits(), @sizeOf(usize));
        if (posix_memalign(&p, a, len) != 0) return null;
        return @ptrCast(p);
    }
    fn bareResize(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) bool { return false; }
    fn bareRemap(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) ?[*]u8 { return null; }
    fn bareFree(_: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) void { free(@ptrCast(memory.ptr)); }
    const vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = bareAlloc, .resize = bareResize, .remap = bareRemap, .free = bareFree };
    const allocator = @import("std").mem.Allocator{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &vtable };
};
const __koru_backing = if (@import("builtin").link_libc) @import("std").heap.c_allocator else if (@import("builtin").os.tag == .freestanding and !@import("builtin").cpu.arch.isWasm()) __koru_bare.allocator else @import("std").heap.page_allocator;
var __koru_leak_count: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
var __koru_par_tasks: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
const __koru_par_CAP: usize = 128;
threadlocal var __koru_par_depth: usize = 0;
const __koru_par_DEPTH_CAP: usize = 7;
var __koru_par_pool: @import("std").Thread.Pool = undefined;
var __koru_par_pool_ready: bool = false;
var __koru_par_pool_mtx: @import("std").Thread.Mutex = .{};
fn __koru_par_pool_ensure() *@import("std").Thread.Pool {
    __koru_par_pool_mtx.lock();
    defer __koru_par_pool_mtx.unlock();
    if (!__koru_par_pool_ready) {
        @import("std").Thread.Pool.init(&__koru_par_pool, .{ .allocator = @import("std").heap.smp_allocator }) catch @panic("koru: thread pool init failed");
        __koru_par_pool_ready = true;
    }
    return &__koru_par_pool;
}
fn __koru_alloc(ctx: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
    _ = ctx;
    const r = __koru_backing.rawAlloc(len, alignment, ret_addr);
    if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
        if (r != null) _ = __koru_leak_count.fetchAdd(1, .monotonic);
    }
    return r;
}
fn __koru_resize(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) bool {
    _ = ctx;
    return __koru_backing.rawResize(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_remap(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
    _ = ctx;
    return __koru_backing.rawRemap(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_free(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) void {
    _ = ctx;
    __koru_backing.rawFree(memory, alignment, ret_addr);
    if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
        _ = __koru_leak_count.fetchSub(1, .monotonic);
    }
}
const __koru_vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = __koru_alloc, .resize = __koru_resize, .remap = __koru_remap, .free = __koru_free };
pub fn koru_allocator() @import("std").mem.Allocator {
    return .{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &__koru_vtable };
}

pub inline fn __koru_intcast(comptime T: type, x: anytype) T {
    if (comptime (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug or @import("builtin").mode == .ReleaseSafe))
        return @as(T, @intCast(x));
    const dst = @typeInfo(T);
    const src = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(x));
    if (comptime (dst == .int and src == .int and dst.int.bits == src.int.bits and dst.int.signedness != src.int.signedness))
        return @as(T, @bitCast(x));
    return @as(T, @intCast(x));
}

fn __KoruPadI(comptime T: type) type {
    const V = switch (@typeInfo(T)) { .comptime_int => i64, .comptime_float => f64, else => T };
    return struct {
        v: V,
        width: usize,
        pub fn format(self: @This(), w: *@import("std").Io.Writer) @import("std").Io.Writer.Error!void {
            const rendered = @import("std").fmt.count("{d}", .{self.v});
            const pad = self.width -| rendered;
            for (0..pad) |_| try w.writeByte(' ');
            try w.print("{d}", .{self.v});
        }
    };
}
pub fn __koru_pad_i(width: usize, value: anytype) __KoruPadI(@TypeOf(value)) {
    return .{ .v = value, .width = width };
}

pub fn koru_leak_check() void {
    if (comptime @import("builtin").mode != .Debug) return;
    if (__koru_leak_count.load(.acquire) == 0) return;
    if (comptime @import("builtin").target.os.tag == .freestanding) {
        if (comptime @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm32 or @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm64) {
            @panic("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked");
        } else {
            const __klc = struct { extern var stdout: ?*anyopaque; extern fn fputs(__s: [*:0]const u8, __st: ?*anyopaque) c_int; };
            var __lb: [128]u8 = undefined;
            const __lm = "KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: allocations still outstanding at end of run: ";
            @memcpy(__lb[0..__lm.len], __lm);
            var __ln: usize = __lm.len;
            var __lv = __koru_leak_count.load(.acquire);
            var __ld: [20]u8 = undefined;
            var __lk: usize = 0;
            while (__lv > 0) : (__lk += 1) { __ld[__lk] = @intCast('0' + __lv % 10); __lv /= 10; }
            for (0..__lk) |__li| { __lb[__ln] = __ld[__lk - 1 - __li]; __ln += 1; }
            __lb[__ln] = '\n'; __ln += 1; __lb[__ln] = 0;
            _ = __klc.fputs(@as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(&__lb)), __klc.stdout);
            @trap();
        }
    } else {
        @import("std").debug.print("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked (trace above)\n", .{});
        @import("std").process.exit(1);
    }
}

pub const main_module = struct {
    const std = @import("std");
    pub const outer_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
            x: i32,
        };
        pub const Output = i32;
        pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.x);
        }
        fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i32) @This().Output {
            const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .x = __koru_p_0 };
            // >>> PROC: outer  [tests/regression/000_CORE_LANGUAGE/040_CONTROL_FLOW/202_binding_scopes/input.kz:13]
            const x = __koru_event_input.x;
            _ = &x;
            _ = &__koru_event_input;

                // x is accessible here directly
                return x;

        }
    };
    pub const middle_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
            y: i32,
        };
        pub const Output = i32;
        pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.y);
        }
        fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i32) @This().Output {
            const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .y = __koru_p_0 };
            // >>> PROC: middle  [tests/regression/000_CORE_LANGUAGE/040_CONTROL_FLOW/202_binding_scopes/input.kz:20]
            const y = __koru_event_input.y;
            _ = &y;
            _ = &__koru_event_input;

                return y * 2;

        }
    };
    pub const inner_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
            z: i32,
        };
        pub const Output = i32;
        pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.z);
        }
        fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i32) @This().Output {
            const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .z = __koru_p_0 };
            // >>> PROC: inner  [tests/regression/000_CORE_LANGUAGE/040_CONTROL_FLOW/202_binding_scopes/input.kz:26]
            const z = __koru_event_input.z;
            _ = &z;
            _ = &__koru_event_input;

                return z * 3;

        }
    };
    const UserInfo = struct {
        profile: struct {
            name: []const u8,
            age: i32,
        },
    };
    pub const show_values_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
            a: i32,
            b: i32,
            c: i32,
        };
        pub const Output = void;
        pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.a, __koru_event_input.b, __koru_event_input.c);
        }
        fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i32, __koru_p_1: i32, __koru_p_2: i32) @This().Output {
            const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .a = __koru_p_0, .b = __koru_p_1, .c = __koru_p_2 };
            // >>> PROC: show_values  [tests/regression/000_CORE_LANGUAGE/040_CONTROL_FLOW/202_binding_scopes/input.kz:50]
            const a = __koru_event_input.a;
            const b = __koru_event_input.b;
            const c = __koru_event_input.c;
            _ = &a;
            _ = &b;
            _ = &c;
            _ = &__koru_event_input;

                // Should print values showing the scope chain worked
                std.debug.print("Values from scope chain: {} {} {}\n", .{a, b, c});

        }
    };
    // >>> FLOW: tests/regression/000_CORE_LANGUAGE/040_CONTROL_FLOW/202_binding_scopes/input.kz:58  ~input:outer()
    pub fn flow0() void {
        const r = main_module.outer_event.handler(.{ .x = 10 });
        const d = main_module.middle_event.handler(.{ .y = r });
        _ = &d;
        const f = main_module.inner_event.handler(.{ .z = d });
        _ = &f;
        _ = main_module.show_values_event.handler(.{ .a = r, .b = d, .c = f });
    }
    pub fn koru_start_flow() void {
        const result_0 = koru_koru.start_event.handler(.{  });
        const result_0_done = result_0.done;
        _ = &result_0_done;
    }
    pub fn koru_end_flow() void {
        const result_0 = koru_koru.end_event.handler(.{  });
        const result_0_done = result_0.done;
        _ = &result_0_done;
    }
};

pub const koru_koru = struct {
    pub const start_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
        };
        pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
            done: struct {
            },
        };
        pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            _ = &__koru_event_input;
            return .{ .done = .{} };
        }
    };
    pub const end_event = struct {
        pub const Input = struct {
        };
        pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
            done: struct {
            },
        };
        pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
            _ = &__koru_event_input;
            return .{ .done = .{} };
        }
    };
};
pub fn main() void {
    main_module.koru_start_flow();
    main_module.flow0();
    main_module.koru_end_flow();
    if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) koru_leak_check();
}

test {
    @import("std").testing.refAllDeclsRecursive(@This());
}

Emitted C# source

static class main_module {
  public static void __koru_stdout_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Out.Write(s);
  public static void __koru_stderr_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Error.Write(s);
  // The mutable handle carrier — `*String`-style resources are
  // `new __KoruBox { data = … }` because C# anonymous types are
  // read-only: `s.data = …` (std/string append/clear, handle
  // mutation generally) needs a settable member. `object`, not
  // `dynamic`: the field is storage — every `x.data` read reaches
  // it through a dynamic-typed handle (`*T` Input fields, the
  // `dynamic` borrow locals below), so the member itself only
  // needs to hold the value, and `object` keeps the DLR out of
  // the store/load path.
  public class __KoruBox { public object data; }
  // Textification for `{{ … }}` operands: C# bool ToStrings as
  // `True` where Koru prints `true`, and the operand's static type
  // is unknown at this boundary — a `(x) is bool` inline test would
  // be a compile error on statically-typed operands instead. Generic
  // on purpose: `dynamic` boxed every value-type operand — measured
  // ~1s/10M elements on 012_threat_scanner — while T specializes to
  // the operand's own ToString() with no box.
  public static string __koru_str<T>(T v) => v is bool b ? (b ? "true" : "false") : v?.ToString();
  public static class outer_event {
    public struct Input {
      public int x;
    }
    public static int handler(Input __koru_input) {
      var x = __koru_input.x;
      // x is accessible here directly
      return x;

      return default;

    }
  }
  public static class middle_event {
    public struct Input {
      public int y;
    }
    public static int handler(Input __koru_input) {
      var y = __koru_input.y;
      return y * 2;

      return default;

    }
  }
  public static class inner_event {
    public struct Input {
      public int z;
    }
    public static int handler(Input __koru_input) {
      var z = __koru_input.z;
      return z * 3;

      return default;

    }
  }
  public static class show_values_event {
    public struct Input {
      public int a;
      public int b;
      public int c;
    }
    public static object handler(Input __koru_input) {
      var a = __koru_input.a;
      var b = __koru_input.b;
      var c = __koru_input.c;
      // Should print values showing the scope chain worked
      __koru_stdout_write($"Values from scope chain: {a} {b} {c}\n");

      return default;

    }
  }
  public static class koru_start_event {
    public struct Input {
    }
    public struct Output {
      public string tag;
      public object done;
    }
    public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
  }
  public static class koru_end_event {
    public struct Input {
    }
    public struct Output {
      public string tag;
      public object done;
    }
    public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
  }
  public static void flow0() {
    var r = main_module.outer_event.handler(new outer_event.Input { x = (int)(10)});
    var d = main_module.middle_event.handler(new middle_event.Input { y = (int)(r)});
    var f = main_module.inner_event.handler(new inner_event.Input { z = (int)(d)});
    {
      var __koru_p_a = (int)(r);
      var __koru_p_b = (int)(d);
      var __koru_p_c = (int)(f);
      // Should print values showing the scope chain worked
      __koru_stdout_write($"Values from scope chain: {__koru_p_a} {__koru_p_b} {__koru_p_c}\n");
    }
  }
  public static void flow1() {
    main_module.koru_start_event.handler(new koru_start_event.Input { });
  }
  public static void flow2() {
    main_module.koru_end_event.handler(new koru_end_event.Input { });
  }
}

static class Program {
  static void Main() {
    main_module.flow1();
    main_module.flow0();
    main_module.flow2();
  }
}

Flows

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outer (x: 10)

Test Configuration

MUST_RUN LANGUAGES: zig cs

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