✓
Passing This code compiles and runs correctly.
Code
// GREEN (2026-06-27): `if` as a NESTED continuation STEP, reached after a
// value-producing head event, with the whole flow on the `return switch`
// fast path — driven by a `#L`/`@L` label-fold loop.
//
// THE SHAPE: this is the structure of a pure-Koru self-timed benchmark loop
// (read a clock, then `if(now < deadline)` decide live/expired, fold around a
// label). Here the "clock" is the loop counter so the output is deterministic,
// but the EMIT PATH is identical: `tick`'s head is a single-branch
// value-producing event (`clock -> | t`), and its `| t n |> if(n < limit)`
// continuation's STEP is the `if` template.
//
// THE BUG THIS PINS (emitter_helpers.zig, `emitSubflowContinuationsWithDepth`
// return-switch fast path): a `tick` this simple (no labels/captures of its
// own, head produces one branch) qualified for the `return switch (result)`
// optimization. That fast path emitted the `.t` arm's `if` STEP as a raw
// `_event.handler(.{...})` call — but `if` is a `|template|`, inlined by the
// template processor into `inline_body`; it has no runtime event. The result
// was a call to a nonexistent `koru_<module>.if_event`:
//
// const nested_result_0 = koru_std.koru_control.if_event.handler(.{ .cond = n < limit });
// ^^^ struct 'koru_std' has no member named 'koru_control'
//
// 320_096 fixed `if` in HEAD position (via emitContinuationBody/
// emitInlineBodyNode); this nested-step-on-the-fast-path case was a separate
// gap. THE FIX: `continuationsHaveReturnSwitchUnemittable` now treats an
// `.invocation` carrying `inline_body` as un-lowerable by the fast path, so the
// flow bails to the normal `emitContinuationBody` path, which routes the
// template body through `emitInlineBodyNode` (the same helper top-level flows
// use). Loop of 1_000_000 ticks -> "iterations: 1000000".
~import std/io
~import std/control
// A single-branch value-producing head — mirrors `std/time:now() -> | t`, the
// clock read at the top of the self-timed loop. Deterministic stand-in: echoes
// the running pass count as branch `t`.
~pub tor clock { passes: i64 } -> i64
~proc clock|zig {
return passes;
}
~pub tor tick { limit: i64, passes: i64 }
| live { limit: i64, passes: i64 }
| expired i64
~pub tor run { limit: i64 } -> i64
// Head = value-producing `clock`; nested STEP = `if` deciding live/expired.
~tick = clock(passes): n |> if(n < limit)
| then => live { limit, passes: n + 1 }
| else => expired n
~run = #L tick(limit, passes: 0)
| live l |> @L(l.limit, l.passes)
| expired e -> e
~run(limit: 1000000): n |> std/io:print.ln("iterations: {{ n:d }}")
Supporting Files
~proc clock|cs {
return passes;
}Actual
iterations: 1000000
Expected output
✓ Zig✓ C#iterations: 1000000
Emitted Zig source
// Access compiler flags via the per-user compiler_env module
const CompilerEnv = @import("compiler_env").CompilerEnv;
pub const panic = if (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug)
@import("std").debug.FullPanic(@import("std").debug.defaultPanic)
else
@import("std").debug.simple_panic;
const __koru_bare = struct {
extern fn posix_memalign(memptr: *?*anyopaque, alignment: usize, size: usize) c_int;
extern fn free(ptr: ?*anyopaque) void;
fn bareAlloc(_: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) ?[*]u8 {
var p: ?*anyopaque = null;
const a = @max(alignment.toByteUnits(), @sizeOf(usize));
if (posix_memalign(&p, a, len) != 0) return null;
return @ptrCast(p);
}
fn bareResize(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) bool { return false; }
fn bareRemap(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) ?[*]u8 { return null; }
fn bareFree(_: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) void { free(@ptrCast(memory.ptr)); }
const vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = bareAlloc, .resize = bareResize, .remap = bareRemap, .free = bareFree };
const allocator = @import("std").mem.Allocator{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &vtable };
};
const __koru_backing = if (@import("builtin").link_libc) @import("std").heap.c_allocator else if (@import("builtin").os.tag == .freestanding and !@import("builtin").cpu.arch.isWasm()) __koru_bare.allocator else @import("std").heap.page_allocator;
var __koru_leak_count: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
var __koru_par_tasks: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
const __koru_par_CAP: usize = 128;
threadlocal var __koru_par_depth: usize = 0;
const __koru_par_DEPTH_CAP: usize = 7;
var __koru_par_pool: @import("std").Thread.Pool = undefined;
var __koru_par_pool_ready: bool = false;
var __koru_par_pool_mtx: @import("std").Thread.Mutex = .{};
fn __koru_par_pool_ensure() *@import("std").Thread.Pool {
__koru_par_pool_mtx.lock();
defer __koru_par_pool_mtx.unlock();
if (!__koru_par_pool_ready) {
@import("std").Thread.Pool.init(&__koru_par_pool, .{ .allocator = @import("std").heap.smp_allocator }) catch @panic("koru: thread pool init failed");
__koru_par_pool_ready = true;
}
return &__koru_par_pool;
}
fn __koru_alloc(ctx: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
_ = ctx;
const r = __koru_backing.rawAlloc(len, alignment, ret_addr);
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
if (r != null) _ = __koru_leak_count.fetchAdd(1, .monotonic);
}
return r;
}
fn __koru_resize(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) bool {
_ = ctx;
return __koru_backing.rawResize(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_remap(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
_ = ctx;
return __koru_backing.rawRemap(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_free(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) void {
_ = ctx;
__koru_backing.rawFree(memory, alignment, ret_addr);
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
_ = __koru_leak_count.fetchSub(1, .monotonic);
}
}
const __koru_vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = __koru_alloc, .resize = __koru_resize, .remap = __koru_remap, .free = __koru_free };
pub fn koru_allocator() @import("std").mem.Allocator {
return .{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &__koru_vtable };
}
pub inline fn __koru_intcast(comptime T: type, x: anytype) T {
if (comptime (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug or @import("builtin").mode == .ReleaseSafe))
return @as(T, @intCast(x));
const dst = @typeInfo(T);
const src = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(x));
if (comptime (dst == .int and src == .int and dst.int.bits == src.int.bits and dst.int.signedness != src.int.signedness))
return @as(T, @bitCast(x));
return @as(T, @intCast(x));
}
fn __KoruPadI(comptime T: type) type {
const V = switch (@typeInfo(T)) { .comptime_int => i64, .comptime_float => f64, else => T };
return struct {
v: V,
width: usize,
pub fn format(self: @This(), w: *@import("std").Io.Writer) @import("std").Io.Writer.Error!void {
const rendered = @import("std").fmt.count("{d}", .{self.v});
const pad = self.width -| rendered;
for (0..pad) |_| try w.writeByte(' ');
try w.print("{d}", .{self.v});
}
};
}
pub fn __koru_pad_i(width: usize, value: anytype) __KoruPadI(@TypeOf(value)) {
return .{ .v = value, .width = width };
}
pub fn koru_leak_check() void {
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode != .Debug) return;
if (__koru_leak_count.load(.acquire) == 0) return;
if (comptime @import("builtin").target.os.tag == .freestanding) {
if (comptime @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm32 or @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm64) {
@panic("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked");
} else {
const __klc = struct { extern var stdout: ?*anyopaque; extern fn fputs(__s: [*:0]const u8, __st: ?*anyopaque) c_int; };
var __lb: [128]u8 = undefined;
const __lm = "KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: allocations still outstanding at end of run: ";
@memcpy(__lb[0..__lm.len], __lm);
var __ln: usize = __lm.len;
var __lv = __koru_leak_count.load(.acquire);
var __ld: [20]u8 = undefined;
var __lk: usize = 0;
while (__lv > 0) : (__lk += 1) { __ld[__lk] = @intCast('0' + __lv % 10); __lv /= 10; }
for (0..__lk) |__li| { __lb[__ln] = __ld[__lk - 1 - __li]; __ln += 1; }
__lb[__ln] = '\n'; __ln += 1; __lb[__ln] = 0;
_ = __klc.fputs(@as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(&__lb)), __klc.stdout);
@trap();
}
} else {
@import("std").debug.print("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked (trace above)\n", .{});
@import("std").process.exit(1);
}
}
pub const main_module = struct {
pub const clock_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
passes: i64,
};
pub const Output = i64;
pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.passes);
}
fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i64) @This().Output {
const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .passes = __koru_p_0 };
// >>> PROC: clock [tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:39]
const passes = __koru_event_input.passes;
_ = &passes;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
return passes;
}
};
pub const tick_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
limit: i64,
passes: i64,
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
live: struct {
limit: i64,
passes: i64,
},
expired: i64,
};
pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.limit, __koru_event_input.passes);
}
fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i64, __koru_p_1: i64) @This().Output {
const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .limit = __koru_p_0, .passes = __koru_p_1 };
// >>> SUBFLOW: tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:50
const limit = __koru_event_input.limit;
const passes = __koru_event_input.passes;
_ = &limit;
_ = &passes;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
const result = main_module.clock_event.handler(.{ .passes = passes });
const n = result;
_ = &result;
if (n < limit) {
{ return .{ .live = .{ .limit = limit, .passes = n + 1 } };
}
} else {
{ return .{ .expired = n };
}
}
}
};
pub const run_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
limit: i64,
};
pub const Output = i64;
pub inline fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
return __koru_handler_impl(__koru_event_input.limit);
}
fn __koru_handler_impl(__koru_p_0: i64) @This().Output {
const __koru_event_input: @This().Input = .{ .limit = __koru_p_0 };
// >>> SUBFLOW: tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:54
const limit = __koru_event_input.limit;
_ = &limit;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
var L_limit: i64 = limit;
var L_passes: i64 = 0;
L: while (true) {
const result_0 = main_module.tick_event.handler(.{ .limit = L_limit, .passes = L_passes });
switch (result_0) {
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:55 | live l |>
.live => |l| {
L_limit = l.limit;
L_passes = l.passes;
continue :L;
},
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:56 | expired e |>
.expired => |e| {
return e;
},
}
break :L;
}
@panic("koru: a #label fold arm in 'run' exited the loop without a continue or a `->` produce — the handler owes a value it never made");
}
};
// >>> FLOW: tests/regression/320_CONTROL_FLOW/320_097_if_nested_step_under_return_switch/input.kz:58 ~input:run()
pub fn flow0() void {
const n = main_module.run_event.handler(.{ .limit = 1000000 });
(struct { fn __kout(__fd: i32, __b: []const u8) void { if (@import("builtin").os.tag == .freestanding) { const __kc = struct { extern var stdout: ?*anyopaque; extern var stderr: ?*anyopaque; extern fn fputs(__s: [*:0]const u8, __st: ?*anyopaque) c_int; }; var __kt: [4096]u8 = undefined; for (0..(__b.len + __kt.len - 2) / (__kt.len - 1)) |__ki| { const __kn = @min(__kt.len - 1, __b.len - __ki * (__kt.len - 1)); @memcpy(__kt[0..__kn], __b[__ki * (__kt.len - 1)..][0..__kn]); __kt[__kn] = 0; @import("std").mem.doNotOptimizeAway(__kc.fputs(@as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(&__kt)), if (__fd == 2) __kc.stderr else __kc.stdout)); } } else { @import("std").mem.doNotOptimizeAway(@import("std").posix.write(__fd, __b) catch @as(usize, 0)); } } fn __kw(comptime __f: []const u8, __a: anytype) void { var __kb: [65536]u8 = undefined; const __ks = @import("std").fmt.bufPrint(&__kb, __f, __a) catch __kb[0..0]; __kout(1, __ks); } }).__kw("iterations: {d}\n", .{n});
}
pub fn koru_start_flow() void {
const result_0 = koru_koru.start_event.handler(.{ });
const result_0_done = result_0.done;
_ = &result_0_done;
}
pub fn koru_end_flow() void {
const result_0 = koru_koru.end_event.handler(.{ });
const result_0_done = result_0.done;
_ = &result_0_done;
}
};
pub const koru_koru = struct {
pub const start_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
done: struct {
},
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
_ = &__koru_event_input;
return .{ .done = .{} };
}
};
pub const end_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
done: struct {
},
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
_ = &__koru_event_input;
return .{ .done = .{} };
}
};
};
pub fn main() void {
main_module.koru_start_flow();
main_module.flow0();
main_module.koru_end_flow();
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) koru_leak_check();
}
test {
@import("std").testing.refAllDeclsRecursive(@This());
}
Emitted C# source
static class main_module {
public static void __koru_stdout_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Out.Write(s);
public static void __koru_stderr_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Error.Write(s);
// The mutable handle carrier — `*String`-style resources are
// `new __KoruBox { data = … }` because C# anonymous types are
// read-only: `s.data = …` (std/string append/clear, handle
// mutation generally) needs a settable member. `object`, not
// `dynamic`: the field is storage — every `x.data` read reaches
// it through a dynamic-typed handle (`*T` Input fields, the
// `dynamic` borrow locals below), so the member itself only
// needs to hold the value, and `object` keeps the DLR out of
// the store/load path.
public class __KoruBox { public object data; }
// Textification for `{{ … }}` operands: C# bool ToStrings as
// `True` where Koru prints `true`, and the operand's static type
// is unknown at this boundary — a `(x) is bool` inline test would
// be a compile error on statically-typed operands instead. Generic
// on purpose: `dynamic` boxed every value-type operand — measured
// ~1s/10M elements on 012_threat_scanner — while T specializes to
// the operand's own ToString() with no box.
public static string __koru_str<T>(T v) => v is bool b ? (b ? "true" : "false") : v?.ToString();
public static class clock_event {
public struct Input {
public long passes;
}
public static long handler(Input __koru_input) {
var passes = __koru_input.passes;
return passes;
return default;
}
}
public static class tick_event {
public struct Input {
public long limit;
public long passes;
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public live_payload live;
public long expired;
}
public struct live_payload {
public long limit;
public long passes;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) {
var limit = __koru_input.limit;
var passes = __koru_input.passes;
var n = main_module.clock_event.handler(new clock_event.Input { passes = (long)(passes)});
if (n < limit) {
{ return new Output { tag = "live", live = new live_payload { limit = limit, passes = n + 1 } };
}
} else {
{ return new Output { tag = "expired", expired = n };
}
}
return default;
}
}
public static class run_event {
public struct Input {
public long limit;
}
public static long handler(Input __koru_input) {
var limit = __koru_input.limit;
long Llimit = limit;
long Lpasses = 0;
var result_0 = main_module.tick_event.handler(new tick_event.Input { limit = (long)(Llimit), passes = (long)(Lpasses)});
__fold_L_check:
while (result_0.tag == "live") {
var l = result_0.live;
Llimit = l.limit;
Lpasses = l.passes;
result_0 = main_module.tick_event.handler(new tick_event.Input { limit = (long)(Llimit), passes = (long)(Lpasses)});
goto __fold_L_check;
}
var e = result_0.expired;
return e;
return default;
}
}
public static class std_control_if_event {
public struct Input {
public string expr;
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object then;
public object @else;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) {
var expr = __koru_input.expr;
throw new global::System.Exception("if: |template| proc is inlined at call sites and must never be called");
}
}
public static class koru_start_event {
public struct Input {
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object done;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
}
public static class koru_end_event {
public struct Input {
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object done;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
}
public static void flow0() {
var n = main_module.run_event.handler(new run_event.Input { limit = (long)(1000000)});
__koru_stdout_write("iterations: " + __koru_str(n) + "\n");
}
public static void flow1() {
main_module.koru_start_event.handler(new koru_start_event.Input { });
}
public static void flow2() {
main_module.koru_end_event.handler(new koru_end_event.Input { });
}
}
static class Program {
static void Main() {
main_module.flow1();
main_module.flow0();
main_module.flow2();
}
}
Flows
subflow ~tick click a branch to expand · @labels scroll to their anchor
clock (passes)
subflow ~run click a branch to expand · @labels scroll to their anchor
#L tick (limit, passes: 0)
flow ~run click a branch to expand · @labels scroll to their anchor
run (limit: 1000000)
Test Configuration
MUST_RUN LANGUAGES: zig cs