✓
Passing This code compiles and runs correctly.
Code
// PINS: a `*String<instance!>` has exactly ONE discharger, so auto-discharge
// settles it silently and the program runs.
//
// `std/string:free` (koru_std/string.kz:89, `s: *String<!view|!instance>`) is
// void, so it can be inserted at scope exit. `std/string:release`
// (koru_std/string.kz:78) also accepts `<!instance>` — but it is
// `-> *String<view!>`, a bare-return transfer that hands back a NEW obligation
// on the same resource. Calling it settles nothing, and the inserter's own
// filter (auto_discharge_inserter.zig:2511) refuses any candidate carrying
// output, exactly as 330_118 asks: candidates are chosen by EFFECT, not by
// signature.
//
// So there is no ambiguity to report. `owned` leaves both the `| ok` and the
// `| err` arm in `<instance!>`, auto-discharge inserts `free` on each, and the
// handle print below happens before either (610_007: `read` retired).
import std/string
import std/io
std/string:from-page(text: "hello")
| ok s |> std/string:take(s): owned |> std/string:append(s: owned, text: " world")
| ok |> std/io:print.ln("{{ owned:S }}")
| err _ |> _
| err _ |> _
Actual
hello world
Expected output
✓ Zig✓ C#hello world
Emitted Zig source
// Access compiler flags via the per-user compiler_env module
const CompilerEnv = @import("compiler_env").CompilerEnv;
pub const panic = if (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug)
@import("std").debug.FullPanic(@import("std").debug.defaultPanic)
else
@import("std").debug.simple_panic;
const __koru_bare = struct {
extern fn posix_memalign(memptr: *?*anyopaque, alignment: usize, size: usize) c_int;
extern fn free(ptr: ?*anyopaque) void;
fn bareAlloc(_: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) ?[*]u8 {
var p: ?*anyopaque = null;
const a = @max(alignment.toByteUnits(), @sizeOf(usize));
if (posix_memalign(&p, a, len) != 0) return null;
return @ptrCast(p);
}
fn bareResize(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) bool { return false; }
fn bareRemap(_: *anyopaque, _: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize, _: usize) ?[*]u8 { return null; }
fn bareFree(_: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, _: @import("std").mem.Alignment, _: usize) void { free(@ptrCast(memory.ptr)); }
const vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = bareAlloc, .resize = bareResize, .remap = bareRemap, .free = bareFree };
const allocator = @import("std").mem.Allocator{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &vtable };
};
const __koru_backing = if (@import("builtin").link_libc) @import("std").heap.c_allocator else if (@import("builtin").os.tag == .freestanding and !@import("builtin").cpu.arch.isWasm()) __koru_bare.allocator else @import("std").heap.page_allocator;
var __koru_leak_count: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
var __koru_par_tasks: @import("std").atomic.Value(usize) = .init(0);
const __koru_par_CAP: usize = 128;
threadlocal var __koru_par_depth: usize = 0;
const __koru_par_DEPTH_CAP: usize = 7;
var __koru_par_pool: @import("std").Thread.Pool = undefined;
var __koru_par_pool_ready: bool = false;
var __koru_par_pool_mtx: @import("std").Thread.Mutex = .{};
fn __koru_par_pool_ensure() *@import("std").Thread.Pool {
__koru_par_pool_mtx.lock();
defer __koru_par_pool_mtx.unlock();
if (!__koru_par_pool_ready) {
@import("std").Thread.Pool.init(&__koru_par_pool, .{ .allocator = @import("std").heap.smp_allocator }) catch @panic("koru: thread pool init failed");
__koru_par_pool_ready = true;
}
return &__koru_par_pool;
}
fn __koru_alloc(ctx: *anyopaque, len: usize, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
_ = ctx;
const r = __koru_backing.rawAlloc(len, alignment, ret_addr);
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
if (r != null) _ = __koru_leak_count.fetchAdd(1, .monotonic);
}
return r;
}
fn __koru_resize(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) bool {
_ = ctx;
return __koru_backing.rawResize(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_remap(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, new_len: usize, ret_addr: usize) ?[*]u8 {
_ = ctx;
return __koru_backing.rawRemap(memory, alignment, new_len, ret_addr);
}
fn __koru_free(ctx: *anyopaque, memory: []u8, alignment: @import("std").mem.Alignment, ret_addr: usize) void {
_ = ctx;
__koru_backing.rawFree(memory, alignment, ret_addr);
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) {
_ = __koru_leak_count.fetchSub(1, .monotonic);
}
}
const __koru_vtable = @import("std").mem.Allocator.VTable{ .alloc = __koru_alloc, .resize = __koru_resize, .remap = __koru_remap, .free = __koru_free };
pub fn koru_allocator() @import("std").mem.Allocator {
return .{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &__koru_vtable };
}
pub inline fn __koru_intcast(comptime T: type, x: anytype) T {
if (comptime (@import("builtin").mode == .Debug or @import("builtin").mode == .ReleaseSafe))
return @as(T, @intCast(x));
const dst = @typeInfo(T);
const src = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(x));
if (comptime (dst == .int and src == .int and dst.int.bits == src.int.bits and dst.int.signedness != src.int.signedness))
return @as(T, @bitCast(x));
return @as(T, @intCast(x));
}
fn __KoruPadI(comptime T: type) type {
const V = switch (@typeInfo(T)) { .comptime_int => i64, .comptime_float => f64, else => T };
return struct {
v: V,
width: usize,
pub fn format(self: @This(), w: *@import("std").Io.Writer) @import("std").Io.Writer.Error!void {
const rendered = @import("std").fmt.count("{d}", .{self.v});
const pad = self.width -| rendered;
for (0..pad) |_| try w.writeByte(' ');
try w.print("{d}", .{self.v});
}
};
}
pub fn __koru_pad_i(width: usize, value: anytype) __KoruPadI(@TypeOf(value)) {
return .{ .v = value, .width = width };
}
pub fn koru_leak_check() void {
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode != .Debug) return;
if (__koru_leak_count.load(.acquire) == 0) return;
if (comptime @import("builtin").target.os.tag == .freestanding) {
if (comptime @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm32 or @import("builtin").cpu.arch == .wasm64) {
@panic("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked");
} else {
const __klc = struct { extern var stdout: ?*anyopaque; extern fn fputs(__s: [*:0]const u8, __st: ?*anyopaque) c_int; };
var __lb: [128]u8 = undefined;
const __lm = "KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: allocations still outstanding at end of run: ";
@memcpy(__lb[0..__lm.len], __lm);
var __ln: usize = __lm.len;
var __lv = __koru_leak_count.load(.acquire);
var __ld: [20]u8 = undefined;
var __lk: usize = 0;
while (__lv > 0) : (__lk += 1) { __ld[__lk] = @intCast('0' + __lv % 10); __lv /= 10; }
for (0..__lk) |__li| { __lb[__ln] = __ld[__lk - 1 - __li]; __ln += 1; }
__lb[__ln] = '\n'; __ln += 1; __lb[__ln] = 0;
_ = __klc.fputs(@as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(&__lb)), __klc.stdout);
@trap();
}
} else {
@import("std").debug.print("KORU LEAK CHECK FAILED: the produced program leaked (trace above)\n", .{});
@import("std").process.exit(1);
}
}
pub const main_module = struct {
// >>> FLOW: tests/regression/300_ADVANCED_FEATURES/335_OBLIGATION_STRESS/335_020_instance_single_discharger/input.k:20 ~std.string:from_page()
pub fn flow0() void {
const result_0 = koru_std.koru_string.from_page_event.handler(.{ .text = "hello" });
switch (result_0) {
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/300_ADVANCED_FEATURES/335_OBLIGATION_STRESS/335_020_instance_single_discharger/input.k:21 | ok s |>
.ok => |s| {
const owned = koru_std.koru_string.take_event.handler(.{ .s = s });
_ = &owned;
const result_2 = koru_std.koru_string.append_event.handler(.{ .s = owned, .text = " world" });
_ = &result_2;
switch (result_2) {
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/300_ADVANCED_FEATURES/335_OBLIGATION_STRESS/335_020_instance_single_discharger/input.k:22 | ok |>
.ok => {
(struct { fn __kout(__fd: i32, __b: []const u8) void { if (@import("builtin").os.tag == .freestanding) { const __kc = struct { extern var stdout: ?*anyopaque; extern var stderr: ?*anyopaque; extern fn fputs(__s: [*:0]const u8, __st: ?*anyopaque) c_int; }; var __kt: [4096]u8 = undefined; for (0..(__b.len + __kt.len - 2) / (__kt.len - 1)) |__ki| { const __kn = @min(__kt.len - 1, __b.len - __ki * (__kt.len - 1)); @memcpy(__kt[0..__kn], __b[__ki * (__kt.len - 1)..][0..__kn]); __kt[__kn] = 0; @import("std").mem.doNotOptimizeAway(__kc.fputs(@as([*:0]const u8, @ptrCast(&__kt)), if (__fd == 2) __kc.stderr else __kc.stdout)); } } else { @import("std").mem.doNotOptimizeAway(@import("std").posix.write(__fd, __b) catch @as(usize, 0)); } } fn __kw(comptime __f: []const u8, __a: anytype) void { var __kb: [65536]u8 = undefined; const __ks = @import("std").fmt.bufPrint(&__kb, __f, __a) catch __kb[0..0]; __kout(1, __ks); } }).__kw("{s}\n", .{owned.data});
_ = koru_std.koru_string.free_event.handler(.{ .s = owned });
},
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/300_ADVANCED_FEATURES/335_OBLIGATION_STRESS/335_020_instance_single_discharger/input.k:23 | err _auto_6 |>
.err => |_| {
_ = koru_std.koru_string.free_event.handler(.{ .s = owned });
},
}
},
// >>> BRANCH: tests/regression/300_ADVANCED_FEATURES/335_OBLIGATION_STRESS/335_020_instance_single_discharger/input.k:24 | err _auto_7 |>
.err => |_| {
},
}
}
pub fn koru_start_flow() void {
const result_0 = koru_koru.start_event.handler(.{ });
const result_0_done = result_0.done;
_ = &result_0_done;
}
pub fn koru_end_flow() void {
const result_0 = koru_koru.end_event.handler(.{ });
const result_0_done = result_0.done;
_ = &result_0_done;
}
};
pub const koru_std = struct {
pub const koru_string = struct {
const std = @import("std");
pub const String = struct {
data: []u8,
allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
pub fn slice(self: String) []const u8 {
return self.data;
}
fn deinit(self: String) void {
self.allocator.free(self.data);
}
};
pub const from_page_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
text: []const u8,
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
ok: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
err: []const u8,
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
// >>> PROC: from_page [/Users/larsde/src/koru/koru_std/string.kz:59]
const text = __koru_event_input.text;
_ = &text;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
const allocator = koru_allocator();
const data = allocator.alloc(u8, text.len) catch {
return .{ .err = "allocation failed" };
};
@memcpy(data, text);
const s = allocator.create(String) catch {
allocator.free(data);
return .{ .err = "allocation failed" };
};
s.* = .{ .data = data, .allocator = allocator };
return .{ .ok = s };
}
};
pub const take_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
s: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
};
pub const Output = *koru_std.koru_string.String;
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
const s = __koru_event_input.s;
_ = &s;
return s;
}
};
pub const release_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
s: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
};
pub const Output = *koru_std.koru_string.String;
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
const s = __koru_event_input.s;
_ = &s;
return s;
}
};
pub const free_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
s: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
};
pub const Output = void;
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
// >>> PROC: free [/Users/larsde/src/koru/koru_std/string.kz:96]
const s = __koru_event_input.s;
_ = &s;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
s.allocator.free(s.data);
s.allocator.destroy(s);
}
};
pub const len_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
s: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
};
pub const Output = usize;
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
const s = __koru_event_input.s;
_ = &s;
return s.data.len;
}
};
pub const append_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
s: *koru_std.koru_string.String,
text: []const u8,
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
ok: struct {
},
err: []const u8,
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
// >>> PROC: append [/Users/larsde/src/koru/koru_std/string.kz:212]
const s = __koru_event_input.s;
const text = __koru_event_input.text;
_ = &s;
_ = &text;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
const new_len = s.data.len + text.len;
const new_data = s.allocator.realloc(s.data, new_len) catch {
return .{ .err = "realloc failed" };
};
@memcpy(new_data[s.data.len..], text);
s.data = new_data;
return .ok;
}
};
pub const cmp_at_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
a: []const u8,
b: []const u8,
i: usize,
m: usize,
};
pub const Output = i64;
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
// >>> SUBFLOW: /Users/larsde/src/koru/koru_std/string.compare.kz:41
var a = __koru_event_input.a;
var b = __koru_event_input.b;
var i = __koru_event_input.i;
var m = __koru_event_input.m;
_ = &a;
_ = &b;
_ = &i;
_ = &m;
_ = &__koru_event_input;
__koru_self_loop: while (true) {
if (i >= m) {
{ return -1;
}
} else {
{
if (!(blk: { const __koru_l = a[i]; const __koru_r = b[i]; const __koru_lo = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(__koru_l)) == .optional; const __koru_ro = @typeInfo(@TypeOf(__koru_r)) == .optional; const __koru_lp = if (__koru_lo) @typeInfo(@TypeOf(__koru_l)).optional.child else @TypeOf(__koru_l); const __koru_rp = if (__koru_ro) @typeInfo(@TypeOf(__koru_r)).optional.child else @TypeOf(__koru_r); const __koru_ls = __koru_str: { const __koru_ty = @typeInfo(__koru_lp); if (__koru_ty == .array) break :__koru_str __koru_ty.array.child == u8; if (__koru_ty == .pointer) { const __koru_ptr = __koru_ty.pointer; if (__koru_ptr.size == .slice and __koru_ptr.child == u8) break :__koru_str true; break :__koru_str __koru_ptr.size == .one and @typeInfo(__koru_ptr.child) == .array and @typeInfo(__koru_ptr.child).array.child == u8; } break :__koru_str false; }; const __koru_rs = __koru_str: { const __koru_ty = @typeInfo(__koru_rp); if (__koru_ty == .array) break :__koru_str __koru_ty.array.child == u8; if (__koru_ty == .pointer) { const __koru_ptr = __koru_ty.pointer; if (__koru_ptr.size == .slice and __koru_ptr.child == u8) break :__koru_str true; break :__koru_str __koru_ptr.size == .one and @typeInfo(__koru_ptr.child) == .array and @typeInfo(__koru_ptr.child).array.child == u8; } break :__koru_str false; }; if (__koru_ls and __koru_rs) { const __koru_ln = if (__koru_lo) __koru_l == null else false; const __koru_rn = if (__koru_ro) __koru_r == null else false; break :blk (__koru_ln == __koru_rn) and (__koru_ln or @import("std").mem.eql(u8, if (__koru_lo) __koru_l.? else __koru_l, if (__koru_ro) __koru_r.? else __koru_r)); } else break :blk __koru_l == __koru_r; })) {
{ return __koru_intcast(i64, i);
}
} else {
{ i = i + 1;
continue :__koru_self_loop;
}
}
}
}
}
unreachable;
}
};
};
};
pub const koru_koru = struct {
pub const start_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
done: struct {
},
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
_ = &__koru_event_input;
return .{ .done = .{} };
}
};
pub const end_event = struct {
pub const Input = struct {
};
pub const Output = union(enum(u8)) {
done: struct {
},
};
pub fn handler(__koru_event_input: @This().Input) @This().Output {
_ = &__koru_event_input;
return .{ .done = .{} };
}
};
};
pub fn main() void {
main_module.koru_start_flow();
main_module.flow0();
main_module.koru_end_flow();
if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug) koru_leak_check();
}
test {
@import("std").testing.refAllDeclsRecursive(@This());
}
Emitted C# source
static class main_module {
public static void __koru_stdout_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Out.Write(s);
public static void __koru_stderr_write(object s) => global::System.Console.Error.Write(s);
// The mutable handle carrier — `*String`-style resources are
// `new __KoruBox { data = … }` because C# anonymous types are
// read-only: `s.data = …` (std/string append/clear, handle
// mutation generally) needs a settable member. `object`, not
// `dynamic`: the field is storage — every `x.data` read reaches
// it through a dynamic-typed handle (`*T` Input fields, the
// `dynamic` borrow locals below), so the member itself only
// needs to hold the value, and `object` keeps the DLR out of
// the store/load path.
public class __KoruBox { public object data; }
// Textification for `{{ … }}` operands: C# bool ToStrings as
// `True` where Koru prints `true`, and the operand's static type
// is unknown at this boundary — a `(x) is bool` inline test would
// be a compile error on statically-typed operands instead. Generic
// on purpose: `dynamic` boxed every value-type operand — measured
// ~1s/10M elements on 012_threat_scanner — while T specializes to
// the operand's own ToString() with no box.
public static string __koru_str<T>(T v) => v is bool b ? (b ? "true" : "false") : v?.ToString();
public static class std_string_from_page_event {
public struct Input {
public string text;
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public dynamic ok;
public string err;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) {
var text = __koru_input.text;
return new Output { tag = "ok", ok = new __KoruBox { data = text } };
return default;
}
}
public static class std_string_take_event {
public struct Input {
public dynamic s;
}
public static dynamic handler(Input __koru_input) {
var s = __koru_input.s;
return (dynamic)(s);
}
}
public static class std_string_release_event {
public struct Input {
public dynamic s;
}
public static dynamic handler(Input __koru_input) {
var s = __koru_input.s;
return (dynamic)(s);
}
}
public static class std_string_free_event {
public struct Input {
public dynamic s;
}
public static object handler(Input __koru_input) {
var s = __koru_input.s;
// GC is the implementation. There is no allocator to hand the bytes back
// to, so the honest body is empty — this is a port, not a stub.
return default;
}
}
public static class std_string_len_event {
public struct Input {
public dynamic s;
}
public static long handler(Input __koru_input) {
var s = __koru_input.s;
return (long)(s.data.Length);
}
}
public static class std_string_append_event {
public struct Input {
public dynamic s;
public string text;
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object ok;
public string err;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) {
var s = __koru_input.s;
var text = __koru_input.text;
s.data = s.data + text;
return new Output { tag = "ok" };
return default;
}
}
public static class koru_start_event {
public struct Input {
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object done;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
}
public static class koru_end_event {
public struct Input {
}
public struct Output {
public string tag;
public object done;
}
public static Output handler(Input __koru_input) => new Output { tag = "done" };
}
public static void flow0() {
var result_0 = main_module.std_string_from_page_event.handler(new std_string_from_page_event.Input { text = (string)("hello")});
if (result_0.tag == "ok") {
var s = result_0.ok;
var owned = main_module.std_string_take_event.handler(new std_string_take_event.Input { s = s});
var result_1 = main_module.std_string_append_event.handler(new std_string_append_event.Input { s = owned, text = (string)(" world")});
if (result_1.tag == "ok") {
__koru_stdout_write("" + __koru_str(owned.data) + "\n");
{
var __koru_p_s = owned;
// GC is the implementation. There is no allocator to hand the bytes back
// to, so the honest body is empty — this is a port, not a stub.
}
}
if (result_1.tag == "err") {
var _auto_6 = result_1.err;
{
var __koru_p_s = owned;
// GC is the implementation. There is no allocator to hand the bytes back
// to, so the honest body is empty — this is a port, not a stub.
}
}
}
if (result_0.tag == "err") {
var _auto_7 = result_0.err;
}
}
public static void flow1() {
main_module.koru_start_event.handler(new koru_start_event.Input { });
}
public static void flow2() {
main_module.koru_end_event.handler(new koru_end_event.Input { });
}
}
static class Program {
static void Main() {
main_module.flow1();
main_module.flow0();
main_module.flow2();
}
}
Flows
flow ~from-page click a branch to expand · @labels scroll to their anchor
from-page (text: "hello")
Test Configuration
MUST_RUN LANGUAGES: zig cs